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Dry Small-Seeded Specialty Seed: A Resource Guide for Oregon and Washington Growers |
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| CONTENTS Introduction 1. Specialty seed production: general 2. Vegetable production: general 3. Specific production issues: A. Intellectual Property B. Isolation Distances C. Soil management and testing D. Irrigation E. Selection and roguing F. Pollination G. Pest Management i. General resources ii. Diseases iii. Weeds iv. Insect pests H. Processing and storage 4. Agencies and organizations involved in regulation, testing, marketing and education A. Government agencies B. Non-governmental organizations involved in testing and promotion C. Non-profit organizations involved in organic research and education D. Conferences and other programs 5. OSU and WSU faculty with interest in specialty seed crops> |
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by Alex Stone1, Linda Brewer1, and Carol Miles2 with contributions from: Clint Shock, Jim Myers, Sabry Elias, Adriel Garay (OSU) Joel Reiten, Bejo Seed Micaela Colley, Organic Seed Alliance Nick Andrews, Oregon Tilth and Lindsey du Toit, WSU 1Oregon State University, 2Washington State University |
INTRODUCTION: World seed production activities are clustered around sites within a few degrees of the 45th parallel. In addition to the long hours of sunlight during the growing season, successful seed production occurs in areas with mild winters, but enough chilling to effect vernalization, dry summers, fertile soils and water for irrigation. These requirements are met in many sites in the PNW.
Commercial seed production began in the PNW in the 1880’s; by the 1940’s most major US seed companies had established cleaning and distribution facilities in this region.
Politics has long played an important role in the development of agricultural enterprises. Before World War II, Western Europe was the center for vegetable and flower seed production. During the war, the blockaded Atlantic Coast of North America cut off the US from its European seed suppliers. Trench warfare in France and Belgium destroyed agricultural resources. Beet sugar was a critical commodity for Allied success in the war; sugar beet growers in the PNW were among the first to organize.
The latitude, climate, soil types and relative isolation of Oregon and Washington made them ideal for seed production. The establishment of isolation districts and pinning maps are examples of infrastructure that promote varietal integrity1 and support the development of a regional seed industry.
Although considered minor crops in both states, vegetable and flower seed production are by no means insignificant in their return to the 500+ growers involved in this enterprise.2 For 2003, the USDA’s Agricultural Statistics Service reported 5,700 acres3 of vegetable and flower seed harvested in Oregon, with a farm-gate value of $18 million4. Production in Washington State totaled more than 4,000 acres, with a value of approximately $7.2 million.5,6
As in all other segments of agriculture, seed growers and seed companies seek niche markets and opportunities to diversify. For some growers, organic seed may be one such niche. The NOP calls for the development of an organic seed industry; and certainly there is room for growth, as organic production has outstripped the production of organic seed. Since its implementation in October, 2002, the National Organic Program has required organic seed in organic production systems, unless it is not commercially available. At this time (September 2005) the European Union does not require proof of organic seed for product imported into the EU. Non-treated, non-GMO conventional seed is allowed when equivalent varieties are not available.
Return to Top of Page 1 Rackham, R.L. 2002. History of specialty seed crop production in the Pacific Northwest. Willamette Valley Specialty Seed Crops Association.
2 National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2002 Census of Agriculture Volume I County Level Data [Online]. Available at http://www.nass.usda.gov/or/annsum2004.htm (verified 22 August, 2005.)
3 National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2003-2004 Oregon Agriculture & Fisheries Statistics [Online]. Available at http://www.nass.usda.gov/or/annsum2004.htm (verified 22 August, 2005.)
4 McReynolds, Robert, personal communication, 8/26/05.
5 Washington State University Skagit County Cooperative Extension Commercial Agricultural Statistics [Online]. Available at http://skagit.wsu.edu/Agriculture/com_ag_stats.htm (verified 25 August, 2005.)
6 Pelter, Gary Q. Columbia Basin 2004 vegetable seed acreage, yield averages and crop value. Washington State University Grant/Adams County Extension.
This key is intended for EESC editor and reviewers, not necessarily intended for the final publication.
Key to the Guide:
Connotes a content box; expect to find text.
Connotes a resource box; expect to find lists of resources. These lists are organized in this way: A subject matter title ending in the word “Resources” and in this color will introduce the topic. Within the topic, black subheadings ending in “Sources” will give specific sources. They are organized by “Web Sources,” “Print Sources,” and very occasionally, “Video Sources.”
This symbol preceding a resource indicates materials applicable to organic or biointensive cropping systems.
Headings in terra cotta type indicate a change in subject matter.
Caveat: All references are formatted to be user-friendly for growers and agricultural professionals.
This guide is a listing of services and information that may be useful to farmers producing dry, small specialty seed crops in Oregon and Washington. If the source for any reference is not mentioned specifically, these resources can be purchased from your local bookseller or from internet book sellers
Return to Top of Page 1. SPECIALTY SEED PRODUCTION: GENERAL
Information on specialty seed crop production is not as readily available as information on commodity seed production or vegetable production . A good starting point is the PNW Extension Bulletins on common vegetable seed crops listed below.
PNW Specialty Seed Bulletins (print resources)
Bulletins on the production of a variety of specialty seed crops in the PNW are available as print documents from Extension Publications at Washington State University. To order, call XXXXXXX or go to http://pubs.wsu.edu/cgi-bin/pubs/index.html; click on ‘Plants’ and then ‘Seed and Specialty Crops’.
• Turnip and Rutabaga Seed Production in the Pacific Northwest. 1985. PNW 265.
• Cucurbit Seed Production in the Pacific Northwest. 1985. PNW 266.
• Spinach Seed Production in the Pacific Northwest. 1985. PNW 267.
• Cabbage, Brussel Sprouts, Cauliflower, and Kohlrabi Seed Production in the Pacific Northwest. 1985. PNW 268.
• Kale and Collard Seed Production in the Pacific Northwest. 1985. PNW 269.
• Mustard and Chinese Cabbage Seed Production in the Pacific Northwest. 1985. PNW 270.
• Table Beet and Swiss Chard Seed Production in the Pacific Northwest. 1985. PNW 271.
• Carrot, Parsnip, and Parsley Seed Production in the Pacific Northwest. 1985. PNW 272.
• Lettuce Seed Production in the Pacific Northwest. 1985. PNW 273.
• Radish Seed Production in the Pacific Northwest. 1985. PNW 274.
Other General Seed Production Resources:
Web ResourcesVegetable Seed Production by H.L. Schudel. 1952. Oregon State University, Ag. Expt. Stat. Bull. 512. [Out of Print.] Reproduced on-line with permission: http://hort.oregonstate.edu/faculty-staff/stone/spec_seed_crops_res
Vegetable Seed Production Series by J.L. Webster. 1948. British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture. Victoria, BC. The series is reproduced on-line with permission: Still waiting for permission on this one. http://hort.oregonstate.edu/faculty-staff/stone/spec_seed_crops_res
• General information on seed growing
• Cabbage Seed Production
• Control of diseases of vegetable seed crops.
• Turnip seed production
• Onion seed production
• Parsnip seed production
• Cauliflower seed production
• Garden beet seed production
• Threshing and cleaning vegetable seed crops.Crop Profile for Spinach Seed in Washington. 2000. MISC 357E. http://www.tricity.wsu.edu/~cdaniels/profiles/SpinachSeedPM2.pdf
Washington’s Small-Seeded Vegetable Seed Industry. 1997. EB 1829 http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1829/eb1829.html
Crop Profile for Table Beet Seed in Washington. 2000. MISC 356E. http://www.tricity.wsu.edu/~cdaniels/profiles/tableBeetPM2.pdf
Crop Profile for Cabbage Seed in Washington. 2000. MISC 358E. http://www.tricity.wsu.edu/~cdaniels/profiles/CabbageSeed.pdf
Onion seed production in Idaho by G.W. Woodbury and C.F. Dietz. 1942. University of Idaho. Ag Expt. Sta. Bull. 247. August, 1942. Reproduced on-line with permission: http://hort.oregonstate.edu/faculty-staff/stone/spec_seed_crops_res
Sugar Beet Performance in Central Oregon, 1994. Research report from the OSU Central Oregon Agricultural Research Center http://oregonstate.edu/dept/coarc/Old/arcvege.htm.
Basic concepts of seed production and seed generation. Cornell Public Seed Initiative. http://www.plbr.cornell.edu/psi/Basic%20Concepts%20of%20Seed%20Production%20Teri2.pdf
General seed production information on the families Allium, Apium, and Brassica. The Public Seed Initiative (Cornell University): http://www.plbr.cornell.edu/psi/seedguide.htmlPrint resources
Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates for Seed and Specialty Crops. EM 8568, available as print document from: http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/default.html
Hybrid seed production in vegetables: rationale and methods in selected crops. by A.S. Basra. 2000. Food Products Press, New York.
Principles of Seed Science and Technology by L.V. Copeland. 1976. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Seeds Handbook: Biology, Production, Processing, and Storage. by B.B. Desai, P. M Kotecha and D. K. Salunkhe.1997. Marcel Dekker Incorporated, New York, New York.
Vegetable Seed Production by Raymond A.T. George. 1999. CABI Publishing, New York, New York.
Vegetable and Flower Seed Production by L.R. Hawthorn and L.H. Pollard. 1954. Blackiston Co., New York. [Out of Print]
Seed Production Principles and Practices by M.B. McDonald and L.O. Copeland. 1997. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York.
Flower Seeds: Biology and Technology by M.B. McDonald and F.Y. Kwon. 2004. CABI Publishers, Cambridge, MA.
The Biology of Seeds: Recent Research Advances by G. Nicola, K.J. Bradford, D. Come, M. Curie and H. Protchard. 2003. CABI Publishers, Cambridge, MA.
The number one cause of financial failure in seed production is the grower’s failure to ask the right questions before signing a contract. Consider these issues before accepting a crop contract:How will grower and buyer assess and assign value to seed quality (such as germination rate, vigor and purity)?
• How, when, and by whom will these be assessed, and who will pay for testing?
• What quality standard will be required for full payment, and what deduction(s) will be assessed for a crop that does not meet that standard?
• Many PNW-grown seeds are shipped via the Panama Canal and may be exposed to high heat and humidity during transit. Who will take responsibility for a shipping-associated reduction in vigor?
• What crop and weed species will cross with this seed crop? Who is responsible for ensuring that cross-contamination does not occur?
• Are there GMO crops that could cross with this seed crop, and what is the buyer’s policy regarding GMO contamination?
• Who will be responsible for roguing and selection and when should those activities take place? If the grower is responsible for these activities, what are the criteria to guide those activities?
• Who is responsible for drying the seed if weather conditions are not optimal for drying at harvest?When and how will the grower be paid?
• When will the grower be paid for the crop? One common scheme is for the grower to receive partial payments several times during the year, such as at planting, after successful over-wintering, and at harvest. These payments may amount to as much as 50% of the contract with the balance paid after seed quality has been assessed.
• Will funds from international buyers be transferred in US dollars?
• Is a bank involved in the seed transaction? Will the buyer be required to sign a lien release?Other issues:
• What will be the source of seed or transplant that the grower will plant, and who will provide them? Will these be quality-tested, and by whom? Will transplants be grown in a greenhouse or plant bed?
• What pests are likely to be a problem on this seed crop, and what pesticides or other control strategies should be used to manage those pests? It is important to note that pesticides registered for use on non-seed crops may not be registered for seed crops of the same plant species.
Return to Top of Page 2. VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: GENERAL
Seed crop production requires similar cultural practices and growing conditions as vegetable crop production. The following resources offer useful general crop production guidelines. However, seed crops may additionally require specific cultural practices or climatic conditions and encounter pest or fertility issues specific to seed production.Web Resources
Commercial vegetable production guides. Oregon State University. Website providing PNW growers with information on seeding and transplanting, fertilizers, harvesting, handling, storage; and control of weeds, insects, and diseases for 49 Oregon vegetable crops. http://oregonstate.edu/Dept/NWREC/vegindex.html.
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/vegetable-guide.pdf
This on-line manual includes materials for use by agricultural professionals interested in the methods, materials, and practices compatible and consistent with organic standards. Materials were assembled from the most current national, regional, and local sources.
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/organic/complianceguide/intro1.htm
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/organic/
Print Resources
Return to Top of Page 3. SPECIFIC PRODUCTION ISSUES
A. Intellectual Property
Intellectual Property Protection: Can I grow seed of a patented variety?
Some plant varieties are protected as “intellectual property” through various types of patents. Varieties not under such protections are held in the public domain. In the U.S., three types of patents are used to protect plant varieties. Asexually propagated plants can be protected with a plant patent. The patent holder has the “right to exclude” (without permission) others from reproducing the protected material. Plant patents are used primarily for perennial fruits and ornamentals.
Plant Variety Protection (PVP) and utility patents are the types of intellectual property protection used for seed-propagated species (although they may be used in certain cases for asexually propagated species). PVP certificates are issued by the USDA Plant Variety Protection Office, and utility patents are issued by the U.S. Patent and Trade Office.
What is PVP? The Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970 established PVP certificates to protect the interest of breeders of “sexually reproduced” plants, that is, plants grown from seeds. In its present form, it allows the developer of a new variety to exclude (without permission) others from reproducing and selling the protected variety. Pure lines, open pollinated populations, inbreds used to make hybrids, F1 hybrids and clones (in the case of potatoes) can all be PVP’ed. For a PVP certificate to be issued, the variety must meet standards of novelty, uniformity and distinctiveness, and must not be closely related to another PVP’ed variety (cannot be essentially derived). The holder cannot exclude others from using protected material for research (research exemption), and after purchasing a protected variety, farmers may save seed for their own use (farmers’ exemption). Varieties are protected for 20 years. The USDA Plant Variety Protection Office has a website at:
http://www.ams.usda.gov/science/PVPO/PVPindex.htm (verified 09/01/05). A database showing the status of various varieties for which PVP certificates have been sought can be searched at:
http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/pvplist.pl (verified 09/06/05). The database can be used to determine if a protection was obtained for a variety, and when that protection expires.
What is a Utility Patent? More recently, court case decisions in the United States have expanded the scope of traditional utility patents to cover living organisms, including plants, plant parts, and plant breeding processes. To be granted a utility patent, the variety, trait, or procedure must be novel, useful, and non-obvious (to one skilled in the art). The holder can exclude others from propagating, growing, using, or selling the protected material (without permission) for 17 to 20 years. There are no research or farmers' exemptions, so protected material cannot be used (without permission) in a breeding program or saved for personal use by a farmer. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office home page provides information on the application procedure as well as links to utility patent policy and law at
http://www.uspto.gov/index.html (verified 09/01/05). A searchable database is available at
http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html (verified 09/01/05). The larger seed companies are using utility patents to protect purelines, inbreds used to make hybrids, F1 hybrids and traits in general. Some recent trait patents that have been granted are very broad in that they claim all varieties that possess the trait in question.
How do I know if a variety is protected? In all but a few cases, any contemporary variety developed by a private breeder will be protected and most public varieties will be protected as well. To determine if a variety that you would like to use is protected by a patent, and if so, when that protection ends, you have several avenues of investigation. The original seed container may have a tag indicating that the variety is protected or the description in the catalog may indicate its status. Also, you can check with the originating seed company or search the patent databases. Varieties not under such protections are held in the public domain. All public domain varieties may be regenerated and sold by any entity.
What is an MTA? When you ask for noncommercial material from a plant breeder or germplasm bank, you may be asked to sign a Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) before the germplasm is released to you. The MTA may restrict what you may do with the material. Common restrictions are that the material may be only used for trialing purposes, or that you cannot distribute the material to a third party. Nearly all public and private plant breeders use MTA now.
Return to Top of Page B. Isolation Distances
Maintaining adequate isolation distances to prevent cross pollination by crops of the same species is crucial to preserving seed variety integrity. Required isolation distances vary by crop species and variety and in some cases information sources disagree on what the critical isolation distance is for a particular seed crop. Accurately predicting minimum isolation distances can be difficult and site specific. They may vary due to pollinator density, presence or absence of plant and physical barriers, and wind direction, and intensity. When growing seed under contract, always check with your buyer on their required isolation distances.Isolation from genetically modified crops is also of crucial importance to organic producers and other buyers with low or no tolerance for GMO contamination. If GMO contamination is a concern, growers should check with neighboring farms for GMO vegetable or seed crops. Additional concerns are potential cross pollination from closely-related crop species or weeds. The importance of cross pollination avoidance can vary depending on the specific crop and variety. Same-species in-field volunteers can be difficult to identify and remove in the seedling stage. Long crop rotations can reduce threats from in-field volunteers.
Pinning maps (see listings by state, below) are an aid to farmers in managing crop isolation distances. Pinning is required of all seed growers in counties that maintain pinning maps. These maps mark crop locations with color-coded pins.
Oregon
OSU Linn Co Extension
Corner of 4th and Lyons
Albany, OR 97321
541-967-3871
Pinning map covers east Benton County, all of Linn County, and Lane County except south of Creswell.OSU Marion Co. Extension
3180 Center St. NE Room 1361
Salem, OR 97301
503-588-5301
Pinning map covers production fields in Marion, Polk, Yamhill, Clackamas and the far northern most area of Linn and Benton counties.Washington
WSU Northwest Washington Research & Extension Center at Mount Vernon
16650 State Route 536
Mount Vernon, WA 98273-4768
http://mtvernon.wsu.edu/
360-848-6120
FAX 360–848-6159
Pinning map covers Skagit, Snohomish, Whatcom, and Island Counties.WSU Grant-Adams Area Extension
35 C Street NW
PO Box 37
Ephrata, WA, 98823
509-754-2011 ext 413
Pinning map covers Adams, Franklin, and Grant Counties.
Although they are important seed growing areas, Jefferson and Clallam Counties in WA are not using pinning maps. Growers should call Katherine Baril for information about the location of other seed crops in this area.Katherine Baril
WSU Jefferson County Extension
201 W. Patison
Port Hadlock, WA 98339
(360) 379-5610
kbaril@wsu.edu
http://jefferson.wsu.edu/Print resources
Note: Sources differ on isolation distances for specific seed crops. Ask your seed buyer for isolation distance requirements.
Web resources
USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Website: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/isolate.html
Isolation Distance Guide. Saving Our Seed. http://www.savingourseed.org/index.html
PNW specialty seed bulletins (see section 1)
Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers by Donald N. Maynard and George J. Hochmuth. 1997. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.
Return to Top of Page C. Soil Management and Testing
Web Resources
Many bulletins on soil management and testing are available from Extension Publications at Oregon State University (http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/).
• Fertilizer and Lime Materials Fertilizer Guide by J.Hart, 1998. FG 52-E. http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/FG/FG52-E/FG52-E.html
• Monitoring Soil Nutrients Using a Management Unit Approach. by M.L. Staben et al, 2003. PNW 570-E. http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/pnw570-E.pdf
• Nutrient Management for Onions in the Pacific Northwest. by D. Sullivan et al, 2001. PNW 546. http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/EdMat/PNW546.pdf
• Soil Test Interpretation Guide. by E.S. Marx et al, 1999. EC 1478. http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/EC1478.pdf
• Table Beets: Western Oregon—West of the Cascades Fertilizer Guide by H.J. Mack et al, 2000. FG 13-E. http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/fg13-e.pdf
• Nutrient Management Guide: Hybrid Seed Carrot (central Oregon) J. Hart and M. Butler, 2004. EM-8879E http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/EM8879-E.pdf
Soil Survey. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). On-line soil survey. http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/. This site replaces the printed soil surveys, which will not be updated. The site offers information on and maps of PNW soils and their potential uses and limitations.
To order a print copy contact: Sustainable Agriculture Publications, PO Box 753, Waldorf, MD 20604-0753, Telephone: (301) 374-9696, Fax: (301) 843-0159
Email: sanpubs@sare.org www.sare.org
www.attra.org/attra-pub/covercrop.html
http://www.sare.org/publications/covercrops/covercrops.pdf
To order a print copy contact: Sustainable Agriculture Publications
PO Box 753, Waldorf, MD 20604-0753
Telephone: (301) 374-9696 Fax: (301) 843-0159
Email: sanpubs@sare.org
• Oregon Cover Crops: Barley, Oats, Triticale, and Wheat EM 8692
• Oregon Cover Crops: Buckwheat EM 8693
• Oregon Cover Crops: Cereal Rye EM 8694
• Oregon Cover Crops: Common Vetch EM 8695
• Oregon Cover Crops: Crimson Clover EM 8696
• Oregon Cover Crops: Fava Bean EM 8697
• Oregon Cover Crops: Field Pea EM 8698
• Oregon Cover Crops: Hairy Vetch EM 8699
• Oregon Cover Crops: Rapeseed EM 8700
• Oregon Cover Crops: Annual Ryegrass EM 8691
• Oregon Cover Crops: Sudangrass and Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrids EM 8703
• Oregon Cover Crops: Subterranean Clovers EM 8702
• Oregon Cover Crops: Red Clover EM 8701
• Using Cover Crops in Oregon EM 8704 (includes overview and publications EM 8691&8703)
• Cover Crop Weed Suppression in Annual Rotations EM 8725
• Nitrogen Scavenging: Using Cover Crops to Reduce Nitrate Leaching in Western Oregon EM 8728
• Cover Crop Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation in Western Oregon EM 8739
• Columbia Root-Knot Nematode Control in Potato Using Crop Rotations and Cover Crops EM 8740
• Los Cultivos de Cobertura: Una Manera Facil de Mejorar el Suelo (Cover Crops: An Easy Way to Improve Your Soil) EC 1538-S-E
• Cover Crop Nitrogen for Vegetable Crops EM 8803-EPrint resources
Nutrient Deficiencies & Toxicities in Crop Plants by W.F. Bennett, editor. 1993. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
Western Fertilizer Handbook. 9th Edition. 2001. Order on-line at: http://www.agbook.com/westernfertilizerhb.asp
Western Fertilizer Handbook. 2nd Horticulture Edition. 2002. Order on-line at: http://www.agbook.com/westferthbhortedition.asp
Video resources
www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry or (802) 656-5459
D. Irrigation
Return to Top of Page
Irrigation is an important management issue for seed growers. The questions of when to irrigate, what irrigation system to use, and how much water to apply will affect seed yield and quality. Unfortunately, there are no simple answers to these questions, as they depend on the crop species and variety and where it is being grown. The irrigation strategy for seed can differ greatly from the strategy for raising the same species as a vegetable crop.Seed growers must achieve a balance of vegetative growth and reproductive function. Sufficient water allows plants to carry on enough photosynthesis to produce seed, but excess water may lead to excess vegetative growth at the expensive of reproductive development. In addition, irrigation management affects production in other ways. Irrigation water is cool and therefore can cool the crop. A plant well supplied with water will transpire, reducing the temperature immediately surrounding the plant. Cooler temperatures may favor seed production of certain species and hinder production of others. Pollinators work within preferred temperature ranges, and pollination may be disturbed by irrigations that are poorly timed or applied. Excess water, or extended periods of leaf wetness, may lead to disease epidemics. In addition, overhead or poorly placed trickle irrigation can provide water to competitive weeds.
An optimal crop-specific seed moisture content optimizes seed set, seed quality and yield. If seed is dried on the plant beyond that optimal moisture content, losses in seed quality and yield can occur. (See post-harvest processing below). Growers should seek out information on irrigation management from their seed buyer, Extension staff, and experienced growers.
Seed-specific resources
Web resources
The archives of the Central Oregon Agricultural Research Center include these research reports addressing various aspects of vegetable seed production. They are online at
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/coarc/Old/arcvege.htm
o Drip Irrigation of Seed Onion
o Drip Irrigation of Seed Carrot
General resources
Web resourcesFor an overview of irrigation principles and practices, visit the WSU Small Farm Team website, http://smallfarms.wsu.edu/crops/dripIrrigation.html.
The Malheur Experiment Station (http://www.cropinfo.net/) has an extensive section on irrigation, water use technology, soil water measurement, crop water use and links to AgriMet and other weather links, applicable to growers throughout the US.
• Management Guide for Drip Irrigation on Seed Carrots in Central Oregon. EM 8880-E, http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/EM8880-E.pdf
• Irrigation Management Practices Checklist for Oregon. EM 8644, http://biosys.bre.orst.edu/bre/docs/irrigation.htm
• Irrigation Runoff Control Strategies. PNW 287, http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/pnw287.pdf
• Irrigation Scheduling. PNW 288, http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/pnw288.pdf
• Irrigation System Maintenance, Groundwater Quality, and Improved Production. EM 8862, http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/EM8862.pdf
• Irrigation System Walk-Through Inspection Analysis. PNW 293, http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/pnw293.pdf
• Simple Irrigation Scheduling Using the Look and Feel Method (includes English and Spanish soil-appearance cards). EM 8716, http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/EM8716.pdf
• Western Oregon Irrigation Guides. EM 8713, http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/EdMat/EM8713.pdfWeather information
Weather information for irrigation scheduling:• Oregon Climate Service. http://www.ocs.oregonstate.edu/index.html
• WSU Public Agricultural Weather System (PAWS) http://index.prosser.wsu.edu/about/paws_info.html
• Prosser Irrigated Agricultural Research Extension Center. wsupaws@perfection.prosser.wsu.edu
• Western Regional Climate Center. Provides summary and historical data regarding precipitation, temperature and wind. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/summary/
• National Weather Service. Current and Past 24-hour Reports http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/CURRENTOBS.html
Return to Top of Page E. Selection and Roguing
“Selection” and “roguing” are common practices in seed production that maintain or improve crop genetic integrity. Technically speaking, “roguing” refers to routine removal of plants in seed crops that exhibit off-type characteristics or undesirable traits. “Maintenance” and “selection” refers to genetic improvement of the crop. Timing of roguing may be critical as key traits may only be visible during specific time periods, e.g. at bolting or heading. Roguing must be completed before flowering to prevent cross-pollination of the seed crop with undesired plants. Points that should be discussed and negotiated with your seed buyer at the time your contract is written include: 1) who is responsible for roguing (grower or company); 2) roguing criteria, and 3) compensation for roguing if the grower is responsible, or fee if the company is responsible.
Return to Top of Page F. Pollination
Web resources
Impact of Pollinators on Coriander Seed Production. 1992. Research report from the OSU Central Agricultural Research Center. http://oregonstate.edu/dept/coarc/Old/arcvege.htm
Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants. USDA Handbook 496. McGregor, S.E. 1976. The first and only virtual beekeeping book updated continuously. http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/index.html
Bees and Pollination Website. Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University.
http://www2.oardc.ohio-state.edu/agnic/bee/pollinat.htmInternational Bee Research Association: http://www.ibra.org.uk/
Contains a bee and pollination research abstracting service.The Pollination Home Page. A website for pollination information and images. Includes state-by-state listings of beekeepers with bees available for contract pollination. http://www.pollinator.com/index.htm
Gateway to Pollination. University of Georgia Honeybee Program and Entomology Department website: http://www.ent.uga.edu/bees/Pollination/Pollination.htmEvaluating Honey Bee Colonies for Pollination: A Guide for Growers and Beekeepers. PNW 245, http://wwwagcomm.ads.orst.edu/AgComWebFile/EdMat/PNW245.pdf
Print resources
Crop Pollination by Bees by K.S. Delaplane and D.F. Mayer. 2000. CABI Press, New York.Insect Pollination of Crops by J.B. Free.1993. Academic Press, London and San Diego.
Return to Top of Page G. Pest Management
i. Pest Management: general resources (covering weeds, insect pests, and plant diseases)
Web Resources
The 2005 PNW Pest Management Handbooks. These publications are updated each year and include information on chemical and non-chemical management of weeds, insect pests and plant diseases for many crops.
Weeds: http://weeds.ippc.orst.edu/pnw/weeds
Plant diseases: http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/index.cfm
Insect Pests: http://pnwpest.org/pnw/insectsWashington State Pest Management Resource Service
http://wsprs.wsu.edu/
University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project.
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html
This site offers the University of California's official guidelines for pest-monitoring techniques, pesticide and non-pesticide alternatives for managing pests (including insects, mites, nematodes, weeds, and diseases) in agricultural crops including vegetables. They are available as print documents and on-line. The database is updated regularly as pesticide registrations change and new methods become available. New crops are added periodically. The PDF version of each PMG is suitable for printing. http://axp.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.htmlCDMS AgChem Label Information http://www.cdms.net
OSU Extension Pesticide Properties Database. EM 8809, http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/EM8709.pdf
Print resources:
The PNW Pest Management Handbooks (weeds, insect pests, and plant diseases) are also available as printed publications for a fee. Order from:
Publication Orders
Extension and Experiment Station Communications,
Oregon State University, 422 Kerr Administration,
Corvallis, OR, 97331-2119
1-800-561-6719
Return to Top of Page ii. Pest management: plant diseases
Strict management and screening of seedborne diseases is critical to maintaining high seed quality. Even low levels of seed contamination can cause disease epidemics when the seed is grown out in the field. For example, the tolerance level for contamination of cruciferous seed with the causal agent of black rot (Xanthomonas campestris) is zero contaminated seeds in 10,000 to 60,000 seeds.
Seeds that are contaminated with a pathogen can be treated with fungicides, biological agents or hot water treatments to destroy inoculum or reduce pathogenicity. Seed treatments can reduce germination, vigor and longevity, so it is better to grow pathogen-free seed than to try to eradicate the pathogen after contamination.
When growing seed crops susceptible to seedborne diseases, growers must
1) plant seed documented to be pathogen-free,
2) design and manage the cropping system to minimize the likelihood of disease development,
3) scout fields for disease,
4) effectively manage disease outbreaks, and
5) screen seed lots for pathogen contamination before sale.Growers should communicate with their seed sources and seed buyers about these issues.
University Plant Clinics
For information on university-associated plant clinics and how to sample and send plant or seed samples to a clinic, see The Online Guide to Plant Disease Control (http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/clinic.cfm).
Oregon
Plant Disease Clinic
Melodie Putnam
Cordley Hall 108
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331-2903
Phone: 541-737-3472
E-mail: wsupaws@perfection.prosser.wsu.edu
Web: http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/Plant_Clinic/index.htmNorth Central and Northeast Oregon Only
Plant Diagnostic Clinic
Attn. Joy Jaeger
Oregon State University
P.O. Box 105
Hermiston, OR 97838
541-567-8321Western Washington
WSU Puyallup Plant Diagnostic Clinic
Jenny Glass
7612 Pioneer Way East
Puyallup, WA 98371-4998
Fees required
253-445-4582
http://www.puyallup.wsu.edu/plantclinic/
Eastern WashingtonVirus Identification
WSU ELISA Laboratory, WSU - Prosser IAREC
24106 N. Bunn Road
Prosser, WA 99350
Telephone: (509) 786-2226
FAX: (509) 786-9370
http://www.prosser.wsu.edu/Faculty/elisa.html
Carol McKinney
Telephone: (509) 786-9382
wsupaws@perfection.prosser.wsu.edu
or
Ken Eastwell
Telephone: (509) 786-9385
wsupaws@perfection.prosser.wsu.eduPrivate Seed Testing Labs
California Seed & Plant Lab, Inc.
7877 Pleasant Grove Rd.
Elverta, CA 05626
Tel: 916.655.1581
Fax: 916.655.1582
http://www.calspl.com/STA Labs, California Branch
5653 Monterey Frontage Road
Gilroy, CA 95020
Tel: 408.846.9964
Fax: 408.846.9954
Customer Service: 888.782.5220
wsupaws@perfection.prosser.wsu.edu
http://www.stalabs.com/
The National Seed Health System develops and publishes field inspection procedures and seed health testing protocols for significant seedborne diseases of vegetable crops, and accredits organizations providing those services.
http://www.seedhealth.orgInternational Seed Testing Association (ISTA) develops and publishes international seed health testing standard protocols and promotes research into all aspects of seed science and technology.
http://www.seedtest.org/en/home.htmlThe International Seed Federation (ISF) conducts the International Seed Health Initiative (ISHI), which includes a manual of seed health testing reference methods for vegetable seeds. www.worldseed.org
American Phytopathological Society (APS) Seed Pathology committee. Many links to seedborne disease-related sites. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~leese/homepage.html
2005 Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. This 600 page publication is updated each year and includes information on diagnostics and chemical and non-chemical management of diseases of many crops. Available on-line as “The PNW On-Line Guide to Plant Disease Control.” This site contains the alphabetical (A to Z) text sections of the 2005 Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook and photographs. http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/index.cfm
Or order a print copy from:
Extension and Experiment Station Communications
Oregon State University
422 Kerr Administration
Corvallis, OR, 97331-2119
1-800-561-6719
FAX:541-737-0817
http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/plant.pdfSeed-Specific Resources
For information on the significant diseases affecting major seed crops grown in the PNW, consult the PNW Specialty Seed Bulletins listed on page XX of this guide.Web resources
COARC Botrytis Management Reports
The archives of the Central Oregon Agricultural Research Center include these research reports on Botrytis management in onion seed production. They are online at http://oregonstate.edu/dept/coarc/Old/arcvege.htm.
• Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Botrytis allii in Seed Onions, 1994
• Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Botrytis allii in Seed Onions, 1994-1995
• Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Botrytis in Seed Onions, 1996These bulletins on diseases of sugarbeet grown for seed are available from Washington State University (http://pubs.wsu.edu/cgi-bin/pubs/index.html). On the Extension Publications web site, go to ‘Plants’ and then to ‘Seed and Specialty Crops’.
http://cru84.cahe.wsu.edu/cgi-bin/pubs/index.html?id=VtCLdMxF
• PNW 538, Management of Sugarbeet Root Rots
• PNW 519, Cercospora Leaf Spot of SugarbeetPrint resources
Principles of Seed Pathology by V.L. Agarwal and J.B. Sinclair. 1997. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Seedborne Diseases and Their Control: Principles and Practice by R.B. Maude. 1996. CAB International, Tucson, AZ.Seed Pathology. Volumes I & II by P. Neergaard. 1977. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
WSU-NWREC Seed Pathology Program Reports
Research reports from the Seed Pathology Program, Washington State University – North West Research and Extension Center in Mt. Vernon, WA. These are sorted by the journal in which they were published, and are available through any agricultural university library, or request reprints from:
Dr. Lindsey du Toit
WSU Mt. Vernon
16650 State Route 536,
Mount Vernon, Washington, 98273
TEL: 360-848-6120 FAX: 360-848-6159
wsupaws@perfection.prosser.wsu.eduPublished in Biological & Cultural Tests:
• Susceptibility of storage onion cultivars to Iris yellow spot in the Columbia Basin of Washington, 2004 by L.J. du Toit and G.Q. Pelter. 2005.
• Evaluation of mustard cover/biofumigant crops for management of Fusarium wilt in spinach seed crops by L.J. du Toit and Miller, T.W., M.L. Derie, B.G. Maupin, R.K. Peterson, and C. Libbey. 2004. v19:V004.Published in Fungicide & Nematicide Tests:
• Evaluation of Actigard, bactericides, and compost teas for control of bacterial blight in carrot seed crops, 2004 by L.J. du Toit and M.L. Derie. 2005.. 60:V046.
• Evaluation of fungicide seed treatments for control of black leg of cauliflower, 2004 by L.J. du Toit, M.L. Derie, and Morrison, R.H. 60:ST011.
• Evaluation of fungicides and compost teas for control of Botrytis scape and umbel blight in onion seed crops, 2004 by L.J. du Toit and M.L. Derie. 2005.. 60:V045.
• Evaluation of fungicides for control of leaf spot in spinach seed crops, 2004by L.J. du Toit, M.L. Derie, and P. Hernandez-Perez. 2005. 60:V044.
• Evaluation of yield loss caused by leaf spot fungi in spinach seed crops, 2004. by L.J. du Toit, M.L. Derie, and P. Hernandez-Perez. 2005. 60:V047.
• Evaluation of Curzate 60DF for control of downy mildew in table beet and Swiss chard, 2003 by L.J. du Toit and P.R. Brown, and M.L. Derie. 2004.. 59:V119
• Evaluation of fungicides for control of white mold and ring spot in cabbage seed crops, 2002-2003 by L.J. du Toit and M.L. Derie. 2004. 59:V118.
• Evaluation of fungicides for control of leaf spot in spinach seed crops, 2003 by L.J. du Toit, M.L. Derie, and Hernandez-Perez, P. 2004. 59:V115.
• Evaluation of fungicides for control of Botrytis scape blight/umbel blight in an onion seed crop. 2001-2002.by L.J. du Toit and M.L. Derie, and G.Q. Pelter. 2004. 59:V116.
• Evaluation of fungicides for control of Botrytis scape blight/umbel blight in onion seed crops. 2002-2003 by L.J. du Toit, M.L. Derie, and G.Q. Pelter. 2004. 59:V117.
• Cabbage seed crop: Evaluation of fungicides for control of black spot and ring spot of cabbage, 2000-2001 by L.J. du Toit and M.L. Derie. 2003. 58:V025.
• Cabbage seed crop: Evaluation of fungicides for control of black spot and ring spot of cabbage, 2001-2002 by L.J. du Toit and M.L. Derie. 2003. 58:V026.
• Cabbage seed crop: Evaluation of fungicides for control of white mold and black spot of cabbage, 2001-2002 by L.J. du Toit and M.L. Derie.2003. Vol. 58:V027.
• Brussels sprouts seed crop: Evaluation of fungicides for control of white mold and ring spot, 2000-01 by L.J. du Toit and M.L. Derie, 2002. Vol. 57:V013.Vegetable-Specific Resources
Web resourcesWSU Vegetable Pathology Program
http://mtvernon.wsu.edu/plant_pathology/plant_path.htm
Includes photographs of common diseases affecting vegetables in the Pacific Northwest.University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project.
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html
This site offers the UC IPM Guidelines, which are available as print documents and on-line. These are the University of California's official guidelines for pest-monitoring techniques, pesticide and non-pesticide alternatives for managing pests (including insects, mites, nematodes, weeds, and diseases) in agricultural crops including vegetables. The database is updated regularly as pesticide registrations change and new methods become available. New crops are added periodically. The PDF version of each PMG is suitable for printing. http://axp.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.htmlVegetable MD Online, Cornell University: http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Home.htm
The Ohio State University Extension Vegetable Crops website
http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/%7Evegnet/Vegetable Diseases caused by Soilborne Pathogens. UC Extension Pub. 8099 http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8099.pdf
Print resources
Diseases and Pests of Vegetable Crops in Canada by R.J. Howard, J. A. Garland, and W. L. Seaman, Eds. 1994. The Canadian Phytopathological Society and the Entomological Society of Canada. Excellent book, very relevant to the PNW. Addresses disease and insect pests of a wide range of vegetable crops. Excellent pictures, very good information on pest life cycles, diagnostics and pest and disease management strategies. Order on-line from: CPS – ESC at: http://www.cps-scp.ca/publications.htm or by phone, fax or postal service:
The Canadian Phytopathological Society and
The Entomological Society of Canada
393 Winston Ave., Ottawa
Ontario, Canada, K2A 1Y8
Tel.(613) 725-2619 Fax. (613) 725-9349
Email: entsoc.can@sympatico.caThe following publications are available from the American Phytopathological Society Press (APS Press) at www.shopapspress.org
• A Colour Atlas of Diseases of Lettuce and Related Salad Crops (Lettuce, Chicory, and Endive).by D. Blancard, H. Lot, and B. Maisonneuve. 2005.
Manson Publishing, London.
• Compendium of Umbelliferous Crop Diseases by R.M.Davis, and R.N. Raid (Eds.). 2002. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
• Compendium of Onion and Garlic Diseases by H.F. Schwartz and S.K. Mohan (Eds.) 1995. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
• Compendium of Lettuce Diseases by K.V. Subbarao, R.N. Raid, and E.A. Kurtz. 1997. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
• Compendium of Beet Diseases snd Insects by E.D. Whitney, and J.E. Duffus (Eds). 1986. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.Vegetable disease references with excellent color photos are available from Seminis Vegetable Seeds (formerly Peto Seed Co., Inc.), Saticoy, CA 93007-4206, 1-888-222-1272:
• Crucifer Diseases. A Practical Guide for Seedsmen, Growers & Agricultural Advisors.
• Onion Diseases. A Practical Guide for Seedsmen, Growers & Agricultural Advisors.
iii. Pest management: weeds
Return to Top of Page
The Herbarium
Services provided:
Weed and other plants identification. Submit samples through your county office of the OSU Extension Service.
Contact information
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
Oregon State University
2082 Cordley Hall
Phone: 541-737-4106
E-mail: entsoc.can@sympatico.ca
Web: http://oregonstate.edu/dept/botany/herbarium/PNW Weed Image Collection http://pnwpest.org/pnw/weeds?weeds/id/index.html
OSU Weed Image Collection http://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/weeds/id.html
Seed-specific resources
Web resourcesWeed Control in Cabbage, Table Beets, and Spinach Grown for Seed by K. Al-Khatib, 1995. WSU Extension Bulletin 1798, http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1798/eb1798.html
Mustard in Mustards: Guide to the Identification of Canola, Mustard, Rapeseed by B. Callihan et al, 2000. WREP 143, http://info.ag.uidaho.edu/Resources/PDFs/WREP0143.pdf
Specialty seed weed management.
http://mtvernon.wsu.edu/weedscience/html/seed_crops.htm
Dr. Tim Miller, WSU Mt VernonThe archives of the Central Oregon Agricultural Research Center include these research reports addressing weed management in vegetable seed production. They are online at http://oregonstate.edu/dept/coarc/Old/arcvege.htm.
• Herbicide Efficacy Trials on Seed Carrots, 1993-94
• Herbicide Efficacy Trials on Seed Onions, 1993
• Evaluation of Layby Herbicide Applications on Seed Carrots, 1996
• Evaluation of Preemergence Herbicide Applications to Carbon-Banded Seed Carrots, 1996
• Evaluation of Layby Herbicide Applications to Seed Carrots, 1995
• Evaluation of Pre-Emergence Herbicide Applications to Seed Carrots, 1995
• Herbicide Efficacy Trials on Seed Carrots, 1993-94
• Evaluation of Preemergence Herbicide Application on Seed Radish, 1996
• Sugar Beet Herbicide Evaluation in Central Oregon, 1995
• Evaluation of Layby Herbicide Applications on Seed Coriander and Dill, 1996
• Evaluation of Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicide Applications on Sugar Beets, 1996
Web resources
The 2005 PNW Weed Management Handbook. This publication is updated each year and includes information on chemical and non-chemical management of weeds in many crops. http://weeds.ippc.orst.edu/pnw/weeds
University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project.
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html
This site offers the University of California's official guidelines for pest-monitoring techniques, pesticide and non-pesticide alternatives for managing pests (including insects, mites, nematodes, weeds, and diseases) in agricultural crops including vegetables. They are available as print documents and on-line. The database is updated regularly as pesticide registrations change and new methods become available. New crops are added periodically. The PDF version of each PMG is suitable for printing. http://axp.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html
Perennial Weed Biology and Management by J. Colquhoun, 2001. EM 8776, http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/em8776.pdf
ATTRA publications:
•
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/PDF/flameweedveg.pdf
•
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/flameweed.html
•
http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/%7Eipm/fruits/iwm/iwm.html
•
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/weed.html
•
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/bindweed.pdf
•
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/johnson.html
•
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/thistlecontrol.html
Weed Fact Sheets
A series of fact sheets highlighting more than 60 specific weeds and their characteristics. These publications cover basic plant biology and offer both cultural and chemical control recommendations. See the “Weeds” section of OSU Extension and Experiment Station Communications’ Publications and Videos catalog at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu.
Some are available on-line as pdf files, for example:
• Field horsetail http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/pnw105.pdf
• Bedstraw http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/PNW388.pdf
• Speedwells http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/pnw396.pdf
• Curly and broadleaf docks http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/PNW398.pdf
• Creeping buttercup http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/PNW399.pdf
• Western wild cucumber http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/pnw401.pdf
• Common groundsel http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/pnw466.pdfPrint Resources
Agricultural Weed Management Principles. WSU. WAEM 0167, by C. Boerboom et al, 1993. Order by calling 509-335-2857; 800-723-1763 or online at
http://cru84.cahe.wsu.edu/cgi-bin/pubs/MISC0167.htmlGrower’s Weed Identification Handbook. by W. Fischer. 1998. University of California, Davis, Cooperative Extension. HOW TO ORDER???
Weeds of the West by T.D. Whitson, L.C. Burrill, S.A. Dewey, D.W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, R.D. Lee, and R. Parker, 2000. Western Society of Weed Science in cooperation with the Western United States Land Grant Universities Cooperative Extension Services. http://www.wsweedscience.org/Education/weedswest.asp
Weed Science: Principles and Practices by T.J. Monaco, S.C. Weller, and F.M. Ashton. 2002. 4th Edition. Wiley, New York.
Steel in the Field: A Farmers Guide to Weed Management Tools. Order from: Sustainable Agriculture Publications. PO Box 753, Waldorf, MD 20604-0753
Telephone: (301) 374-9696, Fax: (301) 843-0159
Email: http://www.wsweedscience.org/Education/weedswest.asp www.sare.orgVideo Resources
Vegetable Farmers and their Weed-Control Machines. 1996. Vern Grubinger and Mary Jane Else, Univ. of Vermont and University of Massachusetts Extension. Order from: www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry or 802-656-5459.Weed ‘Em and Reap. Part I. Tools for Non-Chemical Weed Management in
Vegetable Cropping Systems. by Alex Stone and others. 2005. A DVD on cultivation, mulching, and flaming strategies. Oregon State University Dept. of Horticulture. Order from: www.weedemandreap.org or 541-737-3464.
Return to Top of Page iv. Pest management: insect pests
Plant diagnostic clinics at Oregon and Washington State Universities provide services to identify insects and arthropods and their damage. Services are provided to the public, but those interested in having a sample identified are encouraged to first contact their OSU or WSU county Extension office. Call for instructions before submitting specimens.
Oregon
Plant Diagnostic Clinic
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
Oregon State University
1089 Cordley Hall
Corvallis, OR 97331
Phone: 541-737-5520
Fax: 541-737-3573
E-mail: entsoc.can@sympatico.caWestern Washington
WSU Puyallup Plant Diagnostic Clinic
Jenny Glass
7612 Pioneer Way East
Puyallup, WA 98371-4998
Fees required
253-445-4582
http://www.puyallup.wsu.edu/plantclinic/
Seed-specific resources
Web resources
The archives of the Central Oregon Agricultural Research Center include these research reports addressing insect pest management in vegetable seed production. They are online at http://oregonstate.edu/dept/coarc/Old/arcvege.htm
• Evaluation of Insecticides for Thrips Control on Seedling Onions, 1995
• Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Carrot Aphid and Green Peach Aphid on Seedling Carrots, 1995
• Orthene Control of Green Peach Aphid and Carrot Aphid on Seed Carrots in Central Oregon, 1995
• Post Irrigation Lygus Control in Carrot Seed, 1992General resources
Web resources
The 2005 PNW Insect Management Handbook. This publication is updated each year and includes information on chemical and non-chemical management of insects in many crops. http://pnwpest.org/pnw/insectsBiology and Control of the Garden Symphylan. 1974. Oregon State University Extension Service. Extension circular 845. Available as pdf file: http://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/News/Publicat/ec845.pdf
Print resources
PNW Weed Management Handbook. Order from:
Publication Orders, Extension and Experiment Station Communications,
Oregon State University, 422 Kerr Administration,
Corvallis, OR, 97331-2119 1-800-561-6719Insects and Mites of Economic Importance in the Northwest by Ralph E. Berry. 1978. OSU Book Stores Inc., Corvallis, OR. [Out of print.]
Supplemental color photo guides from the Univ. of CA IPM program:
• Color Photo Guide to Onion and Garlic Pests. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Pub. 3339PS3.
• Color Photo Guide to Sugarbeet Pests. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Pub. 3339PS1.
Order from http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/InOrder/Shop/Shop.asp
or call (800) 994-8849Handbook of Vegetable Pests. by John L. Capinera. 2001. Academic Press. San Diego, CA. 2001.
Diseases and Pests of Vegetable Crops in Canada by R. J. Howard, J. A. Garland, and W. L. Seaman, Eds. 1994. The Canadian Phytopathological Society and the Entomological Society of Canada.
http://www.cps-scp.ca/publications.htm
393 Winston Ave., Ottawa
Ontario, Canada, K2A 1Y8
Tel.(613) 725-2619 Fax. (613) 725-9349
Email: entsoc.can@sympatico.ca
Return to Top of Page H. Processing and Storage
Web resources
Mechanical Seed Cleaning and Handling. 1968. Agriculture Handbook No. 354. ARS-USDA and Oregon Agricultural Experimental Station. Reproduced on-line with permission: http://hort.oregonstate.edu/faculty-staff/stone/spec_seed_crops_resSeed Processing and Handling. by Vaughn, Gregg, and DeLouche, 1968. Seed Technology Laboratory, Mississipppi State University, Handbook No. 1. Reproduced on-line with permission: http://hort.oregonstate.edu/faculty-staff/stone/spec_seed_crops_res
Threshing and Cleaning Vegetable Seed Crops. by J.L. Webster. 1948. Vegetable Seed Production Series. British Columbia Department of Agriculture. Victoria, BC. Reproduced on-line with permission: Confirm the permission. http://hort.oregonstate.edu/faculty-staff/stone/spec_seed_crops_res
Principles and Practices of Seed Storage: Agriculture by Oren L. Justice and Louis N. Bass, 1978. Handbook No. 506. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402.
Available as a downloadable pdf file from Oregon State University Library. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/149Small-scale Seed Thresher and Cleaner. by Carol Miles, 2005. Washington State University. http://sustainableseedsystems.wsu.edu/nicheMarket/smallScaleThreshing.html
Information on seed cleaning from the Cornell University Public Seed Initiative. http://www.plbr.cornell.edu/psi/equipment.html
Organic Seed Processing and Storage Guide. Saving Our Seed: http://www.savingourseed.org/index.html
Seed Identification: Ohio State University seed identification page includes thumbnails of seeds by species. Useful for identifying contaminant seeds in your seedlot. http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/seedid/
Print resources
Seed to Seed: Seed Saving and Growing Techniques for Vegetable Gardeners. by S. Ashworth. 2002. Seed Savers Exchange, Decorah IA.Seeds Handbook: Biology, Production, Processing, and Storag. by B.B. Desai, P.M. Kotecha and D.K. Salunkhe. 1997. Marcel Dekker Incorporated, New York, New York.
Seed Storage of Horticultural Crops. by S.D. Doijode. 2001. Food Products Press, New York.
Return to Top of Page 4. Agencies and organizations involved in regulation, testing, marketing, and education
A. Government agencies involved in seed regulation, testing, inspection and verification
USDA Agricultural Marketing Service: Seed Regulatory and Testing Programs. Website listing requirements for germination testing, labeling, noxious weed seed, treated seed labeling and federal seed legislation:
http://www.ams.usda.gov/lsg/seed.htmUSDA NRCS Invasive Plants Program. Website listing all federal and state noxious weed regulations and weed lists.
http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/noxious.cgiUSDA National Organic Program http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/NOP/NOPhome.html
§ 205.204 Seeds and planting stock practice standard. http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/NOP/standards/prodhandreg.html
Since the implementation of National Organic Program (NOP) in October 2002, all organic producers in the US are certified to the same standard. The complete rule is on-line at: http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/NOP/NOPhome.html and http://www.tilth.org/certification/certPacket.html. These standards define organic production as “a production system that… respond(s) to site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity.”The producer must manage crop nutrients and soil fertility through rotations, cover crops, and the application of plant and animal materials. Soil organic matter content must be maintained or improved in a manner that does not contribute to contamination of crops, soil, or water by plant nutrients, pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, or residues of prohibited substances.
Pests must be managed by crop rotation, nutrient management, sanitation and host plant resistance. Insects may be managed by releasing natural enemies and by improving their habitat. Lures, traps and repellents may be used. Diseases may be managed by reducing their spread and by application of non-synthetic biological, botanical, or mineral inputs. Weeds can be managed by hand, mechanically, with grazing, by flame, heat or electrical means and through mulching.
If the above practices are insufficient to provide adequate pest management, non-synthetic materials NOT listed in the USDA’s National List, or synthetic materials that ARE listed in the National List may be applied. Uses are specified in the National List, and any relevant annotations must be followed. The Organic Materials Review Institute (www.omri.org) and WSDA’s Organic Program (http://agr.wa.gov/FoodAnimal/Organic/default.htm) publish lists of brand name products that are compliant with the NOP. A step-by-step guide to determining whether a product can be used on an organic farm is available from http://www.tilth.org/Newsletter.html, see “Materials for Organic Crop and Livestock Production”.
European organic standards include a comprehensive list of materials allowed for use on organic farms. This list is found in Annex II, Part A of the EU organic standards (beginning on page 35). These standards can be downloaded from http://www.tilth.org/certification/EU_Program.html.
Japan and the US have agreed that their organic standards are equivalent except that Japan does not allow use of alkali-extracted humic acid, lignin sulfonate or potassium bicarbonate.
Organic seed must be used on organic farms unless the farmer can demonstrate that it is commercially unavailable.
Web resources:
Each of these organizations offers a listing of sources of organic seeds. This section is meant to provide an overview of the most common sources of information but is not intended to be exhaustive. Inclusion within this listing or exclusion from it does not state or imply approval or disapproval of the source.WSU Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources (CSANR)
http://csanr.wsu.edu/Organic/OrganicSeed.htmAppropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA).
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/altseed_db_results.php?Class=3&resultpage=1&SearchBtn=GoOrganic Seed Alliance. http://www.seedalliance.org/index.php?page=Seed-Companies-Selling-Organic-Seed
Oregon Tilth, Inc. http://www.tilth.org/Resources/OrganicSeeds.html
Organic Materials Research Institute (OMRI). http://www.omri.org/OMRI_SEED_list.html
a. State seed laws:
Oregon:
Oregon Seed Law http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/633.html
Oregon Seed Rule http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/rules/OARS_600/OAR_603/603_056.htmlWashington:
Washington State Seed Act http://www.leg.wa.gov/RCW/index.cfm?fuseaction=chapterdigest&chapter=15.49b. Noxious weeds and weed seeds:
Oregon: Oregon Department of Agriculture Plant Division, Noxious Weed Control Program http://egov.oregon.gov/ODA/PLANT/weed_index.shtmlWashington:
Washington State Department of Agriculture, Noxious Weed Control Board
http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/INDEX.htmc. Seed testing, inspection, verification, and certification
Seed quality testing provides seed buyers with decision-making information. High quality seed reduces problems in field performance and ensures value to buyers. Always check with your buyer when considering seed quality testing, especially if the seeds are to be sold in international markets. Following is a list of the most common quality tests performed at this time. For other seed quality tests or more information on the following tests, contact your seed laboratory.
Purity Test: This test is made up of two parts; a purity exam and a noxious weed exam. The purity exam determines the percentages by weight of pure seed, other crop seed, weed seed and inert matter in a sample. The noxious weed exam determines the rate of occurrence and identity of noxious weeds as specified by the Federal Seed Law, and is called the ‘All States Noxious Weed Exam.’
Germination Test: This test determines the percentage of live seeds in a sample that have the potential to produce normal seedlings under favorable germination conditions. Four replications of 100 seeds each are used for this test.Tetrazolium (TZ) Test: This test is a quick biochemical test which determines the number of viable seeds in a sample based on the respiration enzymatic activity in seeds. It indicates the percentage of live seeds in a sample regardless of its dormancy level. The test can be performed in 24-48 hrs.
Vigor Tests: Vigor tests indicate the potential for rapid uniform emergence of seeds under a wide range of field conditions. Examples of vigor tests are the cold test, the accelerated aging test and the conductivity test.
Ploidy by Cytometry Test: This test is used to differentiate between plant samples with different ploidy levels or chromosome numbers (e.g., diploid vs. tetraploid) based on the amount of DNA in the nucleus of plant cells. Seedlings or leaf tissue from the greenhouse or field can be used for the test.
X-Ray Test: The x-ray pictures reveal the internal tissues of seeds including any abnormalities, empty seeds, mechanical damage and insect infestation. It is particularly useful for species that are difficult to germinate or have hard seed coat.Oregon:
Oregon State University Seed Laboratory
The OSU Seed Laboratory provides seed testing services, seed quality-related research, and educational support, i.e., seed classes, workshops, and educational materials. Testing services are provided for a broad range of species including grasses, trees, shrubs, cereals, legumes, vegetables, flowers, and native species. Seed samples can be for official, Oregon-certified, commercial, research, breeding, conservation, and other programs. Tests include purity, viability, and other special seed-quality traits. Purity tests include determination of pure seed percentage in a sample, noxious weed exam, crops and weeds, undesirable grass seeds, sod quality, and pests and diseases. Viability tests include standard germination tests and viability by TZ. Special tests include ploidy by cytometry, greenhouse grow-out, vigor, endophyte, seed moisture content, X-ray, and others. Tests can be conducted following the AOSA or ISTA Rules depending on customer needs and seed destination. For more information on tests, check our Web site listed below.
Contact information
Seed Laboratory
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
Phone: 541-737-4464
E-mail: entsoc.can@sympatico.ca
http://www.seedlab.oscs.orst.edu/Oregon State University Seed Certification
Reviews and retains crop production records, performs field and laboratory evaluations, helps maintain and increase seed and propagation material quality, and helps ensure varietal purity. Maintains records on field history, planting stock, and eligibility of new plantings to be submitted for certification. Conducts record review and physical inspection of each submitted field, tracking all movement of seed from initial planting through harvest, cleaning, and packaging, to ensure relative freedom from contamination and to assure end user that materials purchased are as described on the label. Certifies grasses, legumes, grains, mint, potatoes, other miscellaneous crops (e.g. kale, radish, sugar beets, and turnip). Application forms and requests for certification through the office of the OSU Extension Service in the county where the crop is grown.
Contact information:
Department of Crop and Soil Science
Oregon State University
351 Crop Science Bldg.
Corvallis, OR 97331
Phone: 541-737-4513
E-mail: entsoc.can@sympatico.ca
http://www.oscs.orst.eduOregon Department of Agriculture genetically modified organism (GMO) testing
http://egov.oregon.gov/ODA/LAB/gmo_test.shtmlOregon Department of Agriculture Commodity Inspection Division
The Commodity Inspection Division offers official verification of seed processes to facilitate the movement of commodities in the domestic and international markets. Official letters of verification are provided to fulfill export, contract or customer requirements that include a need for an independent third party or official government review of seed processes. Verification services include:
• Seed treatment verification
• Seed blend/mix verification
• Verification of the fumigation of seed shipments
• Seed package weight verification
• Shipment count/quantity verification
http://egov.oregon.gov/ODA/CID/seed_treatment.shtml#Verification_ServicesWashington:
WSDA Seed Testing Laboratories and Inspection Services
WSDA Commodity Inspection Division, Seed Program
Victor Shaul, Operations Manager
21 N 1st Ave
Yakima, WA 98902
Tel (509) 225-2630
Fax (509)
entsoc.can@sympatico.ca
http://agr.wa.gov/Inspection/SeedInspection/default.shtml
WSDA Seed Program Brochure (PDF)Lee Graham, Seed Inspector
WSDA Commodity Inspection Division, Seed Program
821 E. Broadway, Suite 4
Moses Lake, WA 98837
Tel (509) 764-2804
Fax (509) 766-2576
entsoc.can@sympatico.caWSDA Plant Pathology Laboratory
Provides phyto-sanitary analysis and certification for shipping.
Nematodes and viruses
Lauri Gruerra
24106 N. Bunn Rd
Prosser WA 99350-8694
509-876-2226
Fax: 509-786-9730
entsoc.can@sympatico.caBacterial and fungal pathogens
Jennifer Falacy
3939 Cleveland Ave. SE
Olympia WA 98501
360-586-5309
entsoc.can@sympatico.ca
The IR-4 Project (Interregional Research Project No. 4) is a joint effort between the US Department of Agriculture and the Cooperative Research Education and Extension Service. The goal of the IR-4 program is to develop new management tools for the control of pests in specialty and other minor crops. Since 2000, IR-4 efforts have shifted from a “defensive” approach to new pest control technology including biopesticides and reduced risk chemistry. You can read more about IR-4 at:
http://www.ir4.rutgers.edu/Binars/IR-4programoverview.pdfWhat IR-4 Does for Oregon: http://ir4.rutgers.edu/ReportCards/oregon.pdf
What IR-4 Does for Washington: http://ir4.rutgers.edu/ReportCards/washingt.pdfIR-4 Western Region Representatives
IR-4 Western Region Field Coordinator
Ms. Rebecca Sisco
530.752.7634
entsoc.can@sympatico.caUSDA-ARS
Dr. Paul H. Schwartz
301.504.8256
entsoc.can@sympatico.ca
Return to Top of Page B. Non-governmental organizations involved in testing, regulations and promotion
United States
Association of American Seed Control Officials (AASCO) http://seedcontrol.org/
Society of Commercial Seed Technologists, Inc. (SCST) http://www.seedtechnology.net/
American Seed Trade Association (ASTA) http://www.amseed.com/
Front Range Seed Analysts (FRSA) http://www.frsa.org/International
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) http://www.aosaseed.com/
Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA) http://www.aosca.org/
Commercial Seed Analysts Association of Canada, Inc. (CSAAC) http://www.seedanalysts.com/
International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) http://www.seedtest.org/en/home.html
Return to Top of Page C. Non-profit organizations involved in organic research and education in Oregon and Washington
Organic Seed Alliance conducts research and education projects on organic seed production and breeding for organic production systems. http://www.seedalliance.org/
The Public Seed Initiative (PSI) is a cooperative effort between Cornell University Departments of Plant Breeding and Horticulture, the Northeast Organic Farming Association (NOFA) of New York, Inc, and the USDA Agricultural Research Service’s Plant Genetic Resources Unit in Geneva, NY. This program is working with farmers and seed companies to develop a vegetable breeding and seed production training program. http://www.plbr.cornell.edu/psi/index.html
Oregon Tilth, Inc. is a non-profit research and education membership organization dedicated to biologically sound and socially equitable agriculture. Tilth provides educational resources and sponsors educational events and conferences. The bimonthly paper In Good Tilth is delivered free of charge to members. Tilth provides USDA, EU and Japanese certification services to organic growers, processors, and handlers as well as Salmon Safe certification. www.tilth.orgTilth Producers of Washington is a membership organization of over 400 Washington growers that sponsors educational events and conferences. http://www.tilthproducers.org/default.htm
Return to Top of Page D. Conferences and other educational programs
IFA World Seed Conference
http://www.worldseed2005.com/index.htmlAmerican Seed Trade Association
123rd Annual Convention
Hyatt Regency Hotel
Chicago, Illinois
July 8 –12, 2006
http://www.amseed.org/meeting.aspASTA’s 45th Vegetable & Flower Seed Conference
January 28 - 31, 2006, Amelia Island Plantation
Amelia Island, Florida
http://www.amseed.org/mtg_vegflo06_geninfo.aspASTA’s Seed Expo 2005
December 7 - 8, 2005, Hyatt Regency Hotel
Chicago, IllinoisOrganic Seed Alliance’s Seed Grower’s Conference
Co-sponsored by Oregon State and Washington State Universities
January 11-12, 2006
McMenamins Edgefield
Troutdale, Oregon
www.seedalliance.orgSeed Biology short course. January 10, 2006. Portland, Oregon. Taught by Hiro Nonogaki (OSU) and Joel Reiten (Bejo Seeds), and hosted by Oregon State University and the Organic Seed Alliance. For more information contact www.seedalliance.org or Alex Stone at OSU at 541-602-4676.
Seed Biology, Production and Quality. Two-day short course taught by faculty from UC Davis, Oregon State University, and other land grant universities as well as seed professionals. Held each February in Davis, CA. UC Davis Extension and UC Davis Seed Biotechnology Center. www.extension.ucdavis.edu
Return to Top of Page 5. OSU and WSU Faculty with Interest in Specialty Seed Crops
A. OSU Faculty
Brian A. Charlton
Senior Faculty Research Assistant
? Alternative crops
? Marketing
Klamath Experiment Station
6941 Washburn Way
Klamath Falls, OR 97603
Phone: 541-883-4590
Mobile: 541-591-1255
Fax: 541-883-4596
E-mail: Brian.A.Charlton@oregonstate.edu
George Clough
Horticulture Department
? Vegetable production
? Crop nutrition
? Irrigation management
? Weed control
Hermiston Agricultural Research & Extension Center
PO Box 105
Hermiston, OR 97838
Phone: 541-567-6337
Fax: 541-567-2240
E-mail: Brian.A.Charlton@oregonstate.edu
Fred Crowe
Dept. Botany & Plant Pathology, Central Oregon Agricultural Research Center
? Diseases of alliums
? Diseases of umbelliferous crops
? Diseases in vegetable seed production (organic and nonorganic)
850 NW Dogwood Lane
Madras, OR 97741
Phone: 541-475-7107
Fax: 541-475-6390
E-mail: Brian.A.Charlton@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://www.oregonstate.edu/dept/coarc/index.php
Sabry Elias
Assistant Professor of Seed Science and Technology,
OSU Seed Laboratory; Viability Supervisor
? Seed quality testing
? Post-harvest seed technologies
? Seed dormancy, germination, vigor, and storability
? Relationship between seed quality and field performance
OSU Seed Laboratory
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
Phone: 541-737-4799
E-mail: Brian.A.Charlton@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://www.seedlab.oscs.oregonstate.edu/
Glenn Fisher
Department of Crop & Soil Science, Extension Entomology Specialist
? Insect pest management
? Applied research
? Practical control of agricultural pests
3017 Agricultural and Life Sciences Bldg.
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
Phone: 541-737-5502
Fax: 541-737-5725
E-mail: Brian.A.Charlton@oregonstate.edu
Adriel Garay
OSU Seed Laboratory Manager
? Seed testing services
? Seed quality management
? Seed industry development
OSU Seed Laboratory
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
Phone: 541-737-4464
E-mail: Brian.A.Charlton@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://www.seedlab.oscs.orst.edu
Sherry Hanning
OSU Seed Laboratory Purity Supervisor
? Seed testing services
? Seed identification
? Seed purity analyses
? Native seed purity analyses
OSU Seed Laboratory
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
Phone: 541-737-4464
E-mail: Brian.A.Charlton@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://www.seedlab.oscs.oregonstate.edu/
Paul Jepson
Integrated Plant Protection Center
? Biologically based IPM
? Risk assessment for chemical inputs
? IPM program outreach and coordination
Integrated Plant Protection Center
Oregon State University
2040 Cordley Hall
Corvallis, OR 97331-2907
Phone: 541-737-9082
E-mail: Brian.A.Charlton@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://oregonipm.ippc.orst.edu
and http://ippc.orst.edu/
Stephen Machado
Crop and Soils Department
? Alternative crops
? Specialty crops
? Organic farming
Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center
Oregon State University
Pendleton, OR 97801
Phone: 541-278-4416
Fax: 541-278-4188
E-mail: Brian.A.Charlton@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://oregonstate.edu/%7Emachados/Agronomy/
Dan McGrath
? Integrated pest management
? PNW Insect Management Handbook/Web site
? Pesticide efficacy trials
OSU Extension Service, Linn County
PO Box 765 (mailing)
104 Fourth St. SW, Room 101 (street)
Albany, OR 97321-0261
E-mail: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu
Phone: 541-967-3871
Mobile: 503-931-8307
Fax: 541-967-9169
Bob McReynolds
Vegetable Crops
? IR-4
? OSU representative to Willamette Valley Specialty Seed Association
North Willamette Research & Extension Center
15210 NE Miley Road
Aurora, OR 97002-9543
Phone: 503-678-1264 x25
Fax: 503-678-5386
E-mail: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://oregonstate.edu/Dept/NWREC/vegindex.html
Jim Myers
Horticulture Department
? Vegetable breeding
? Vegetable cultivar selection
? Vegetable seed production
Department of Horticulture, 4017 Agricultural and Life Sciences Bldg.
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331-7304
Phone: 541-737-3083
Fax: 541-737-3479
E-mail: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://www.orst.edu/dept/hort/faculty/myersj.htm
Hiro Nonogaki
Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture
? Seed development, germination, and dormancy research
? Seed biology education
4079 Agricultural and Life Sciences Bldg.
Department of Horticulture
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
E-mail: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/isb/
Cynthia M. Ocamb
Botany and Plant Pathology
? Management of seed-borne pathogens in vegetable and field crops
2082 Cordley Hall
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331-2902
Phone: 541-737-4020
Fax: 541-737-3573
E-mail: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu
Melodie Putnam
Diagnostician and Extension Plant Pathologist
? Disease diagnosis
? Disease management options
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
OSU Plant Clinic
1089 Cordley Hall
2701 SW Campus Way
Corvallis, OR 97331-2903
Phone: 541-737-3472
Fax: 541-737-2412
Web: http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/Plant_Clinic/index.htm
Clinton C. Shock
Superintendent and Professor
? Soil moisture monitoring
? Drip irrigation
OSU Malheur Experiment Station
595 Onion Ave.
Ontario, OR 97914
Phone: 541-889-2174
Mobile: 208-739-2674
Fax: 541-889-7831
E-mail: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://www.cropinfo.net
Alex Stone
Horticulture Department
? General and organic vegetable production
Department of Horticulture
4017 Agricultural and Life Sciences Bldg.
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331-7304
Phone: 541-737-5461
Fax: 541-737-3479
E-mail: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu
Web: http://hort.oregonstate.edu/faculty-staff/stoneB. WSU Faculty
Katherine Baril
Jefferson County
201 W. Patison Street
Port Hadlock, WA 98339
Phone: (360) 379-5610 x 202
Fax: (360) 379-5617
Email: kbaril@wsu.edu
Lindsey du Toit
Vegetable Seed Pathologist
? Diseases of small-seeded vegetable seed crops
¯organic seed treatment
Washington State University—Northwest Washington REC
16650 State Route 536
Mount Vernon, WA 98273-4768
Phone: 360-848-6140
Fax: 360-848-6159
E-mail: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu
http://mtvernon.wsu.edu/path_team/vegpath_team.htmKen Eastwell
ELISA LABORATORY
WSU - PROSSER IAREC
24106 N. Bunn Road
Prosser, WA 99350
Telephone: (509) 786-9385
E-mail:daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.eduFranklin County WSU Extension
1016 N 4th Ave
Pasco, WA 99301
Phone: (509) 545-3511
Fax: (509) 545-2130
Email: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu
Debra Inglis
Vegetable Pathologist
Washington State University
Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center
16650 State Route 536
Mount Vernon, WA 98273-4768
Phone: 360-848-6134
E-mail: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.eduCraig MacConnell
Whatcom County WSU Extension
1000 N Forest St., Ste 201
Bellingham, WA 98225-5594
Phone: (360) 676-6736
Fax: (360) 738-2458
Email: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu
http://whatcom.wsu.eduAndy McGuire
WSU Extension Grant and Adams Counties
PO Box 37, Courthouse
Ephrate WA 98823-0037
509-754-2011x412
Fax: 509-7554-0163Carol McKinney
Elisa Laboratory
WSU - PROSSER IAREC
24106 N. Bunn Road
Prosser, WA 99350
Telephone: (509) 786-9382
daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu
Don Meehan
Island County WSU Extension
PO Box 5000 (mail)
101 NE 6th (street)
Coupeville, WA 98239-5000
Phone: (360) 679-7327
Fax: (360) 240-5503
Email: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.eduCarol Miles
Agricultural System Specialist
• Alternative crops
• sustainable vegetable production systems
• organic agriculture
WSU Vancouver Research and Extension Unit
1919 NE 78th Street
Vancouver, WA 98665
Tel. (360) 576-6030 X 20
Fax (360) 576-6032
Email: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu
URL: http://agsyst.wsu.edu
Timothy W. Miller
Extension Weed Scientist
? Weed control in vegetable seed crops
Washington State University
Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center
16650 State Route 536
Mount Vernon, WA 98273-4768
Phone: 360-848-6138
Fax: 360-848-6159
E-mail: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.eduTodd Murray
Production, IPM, Entomology
Extention Educator, WSU County Extension
King County
919 SW Grady Way, Suite 120
Renton, WA 98055-2980
206-205-3100
daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.edu (?)Mark Pavik
Extension Horticulturist/Assistant Horticulturist
Johnson Hall 137A
Phone: (509) 335 6861
Email: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.eduW. Steve Sheppard
Associate Professor, Graduate Faculty
Apiculturist, Thurber Memorial Chair
Department of Entomology
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164-6382
Office: FSHN 252
Phone: (509) 335-5180
E-Mail: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.eduTom Schultz
San Juan County
221 Weber Way Suite LL
Friday Harbor, WA 98250-0609
Phone: (360) 378-4414
Fax: (360) 378-2178
Email: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.eduSkagit County WSU Extension
Agriculture Extension Agent
306 S First Street
Mount Vernon, WA 98273-3805
Phone: (360) 428-4270
Fax: (360) 428-4263
Email: daniel.mcgrath@oregonstate.eduMark Trent
Grant Adams Area WSU Extension
PO Box 37, Courthouse
Ephrata WA 98823-0037
509-754-2011x412
Fax: 509-7554-0163